Charles Booth Essay Example for Free

Charles Booth Essay The social history of 19th century London can only be deduced through the remaining surveys and various documents left from that time period. Charles Booth was an innovative surveyor and social investigator in the late 1800s and formed surveys of the life and labor of the 19th century London population. Charles Booth took initiative to look into the various areas of poverty, but also examined the possible reasons for poverty. Past surveyors did not use accurate methods to create statistics or charts. Most social investigators used observation for their respective purpose. Booth used scientific methods and created better detailed censuses and surveys of London. Booth was the first to make connections and implications of poverty from the areas in which the people lived, living conditions, religious life, and occupation. His methodologies were complex and his conclusions were based upon empirical data. Charles Booth used innovated research methods such as: detailed questionnaires, personal interviews, and visual observations to investigate the cause of poverty. Certain areas in London, for example the East End, were infamously known for its poverty and unfortunate crimes. Many knew only of the conditions in the East End because of authors such as Charles Dickens and George Moore that â€Å"often set their works in poorer parts of town. † The conditions were overly exaggerated and were only representative of a small section of the East End. Inwood describes the situation accurately with his statement, â€Å"how many people lived in squalor and malnutrition was not known, although some writers tried to quantify London poverty, on the basis of inadequate evidence. Mayhew produced many pages of statistics, but most of them referred to the ‘street folk’, beggars, hawkers, scavengers, and entertainers, a tiny proportion of the London poor. † There were other social surveys conducted before Charles Booth started his social investigation, however none were as detailed and representative of the entire London population as Booth. â€Å"Investigative journalist, Henry Mayhew, reported on their interviews with the poor, while a few intrepid social explorers dressed as tramps and experienced at first-hand a night in the casual ward of a workhouse. Nonetheless, there were still no in-depth and comprehensive surveys conducted until Charles Booth. Charles Booth was commissioned by the Lord Mayor of London’s Relief Fund in 1885 to analyze the census responses. Booth felt that the census was disorganized and not an adequate indication of the social problems in London. Therefore, he took it upon himself to fix and reorganize the cen sus. The first meeting was held on April 17, 1886 for the reconstruction of the census. From 1886-1903, Booth continued to use his methodologies to gather data and research the cause of the social problems in London, specifically poverty. Charles Booth studied the integral parts of the city by examining the background information of the citizens of every street in London. He focused his efforts into three main areas: the exploration of poverty, the occupations of Londoners, and the religious influence. Poverty was a major social concern during the Victorian era, as well as a continual struggle with even the most sophisticated societies in the 21st century. Booth found the social problem of poverty an important issue to explore. Poverty maps of Charles Booth were the first color-coded maps during the late 19th century. Booth created a map that encompassed the levels of poverty and wealth with different colors ranging from black to yellow to indicate a specific level of poverty that was placed directly to the London address of the household. There were eight poverty levels labeled A-H; with the lowest class labeled with the letter A and increasing in wealth with the wealthiest class labeled with the letter H. The hierarchal poverty classification system starts at the bottom with letter A and color black, which includes the criminals, street sellers, occasional laborers, and loafers. Letter B is the color dark blue and includes the very poor, casual earners that work no more than 3 days a week, and the persons that are â€Å"mentally, morally, or physically incapable of work. † Letter C includes the persons of â€Å"intermittent earnings† and an income of â€Å"18-21s for a moderate household,† laborers with irregular work,† and the â€Å"poor artisans. Letter D includes the â€Å"small regular earners,† poor, and â€Å"struggle to make ends meet† but are â€Å"decent steady men, paying their way and bringing up their children respectably. Letter C and D are represented by a light blue color and sometimes as purple if grouped with Letter E. Letter E includes the â€Å"regular earners earning 22-30s a week,† wives normally do not take trade, and boys and girls who normally do work. Letter F includes the â€Å"highest paid artisans,† â€Å"high class labor† that makes more than 30s a week. Letter E and F are represented by the color pink. Letter G includes the â€Å"lower middle class† described as â€Å"hardworking sober energetic men. † Letter G is signified by the color red. The wealthiest class, Letter H includes the â€Å"upper middle class† that keep servants. Letter H is represented by the color yellow. All of these poverty levels are placed onto the corresponding street on the map of the household described. In order to make the poverty map, Booth enlists others to help him gather his research. Booth instructed the â€Å"School Board visitors† to visit each individual home with children that were registered with the school district and collect information. The â€Å"School Board visitors† were to collect detailed information on the house address, number of rooms that the family inhabited, rent, occupations’ of the head of the household and the wife, and number of children in the household. Then the â€Å"School Board visitors† were to categorize the household into the poverty level according to the eight levels and then to assign the household to the corresponding color for the map. Due to the number of households in London, it became evident that taking a survey of every household would be too time-consuming. Therefore, a general survey of the street was also taken in addition to a small number of households on the street. The â€Å"School Board visitors† were instructed to write down notes on the street name, surveyed houses and the color associated, street condition, number of children between the ages of 3-13, and the color the street is associated with the poverty map. The end result is a color coded map of the levels of poverty specific from street to street. To inspect the social reasons for poverty, Charles Booth looked into the occupations that various household members held. Charles Booth saw industry as a major contributor to the level of poverty associated with a household. For that reason, he requested surveys and interviewed persons with particular occupations about their personal experiences to gain insight into the possible associations with poverty. Booth broke down the occupations into 18 categories and 89 subcategories with each industry given an occupation survey.

Art on Brown vs. Board Education Supreme Court decision :: Art Exhibit Race

Fifty years ago the state of our beautiful nation was quite different. The United States were not very united at all. Fifty years ago a court decision marked a change in society that Americans will experience forever. The Brown vs. Board Supreme Court decision gave the old ?separate but equal? laws the boot. It marked the start of integration of public schools and universities. The process was not a smooth one to say the least, yet American society as it stands today is a far more equal because of it. However close we may be to equal it still is not yet equal. Artists of late have been expressing their view of American culture in many different ways. A particular group of artists calls themselves Social Studies more than likely referring to their portrayal of American social issues. At Krannert Art Museum this year Social Studies put out their third exhibit featuring eight artists? works that provoke viewers to reflect on issues of identity, tolerance, equal rights, and integration as they apply to education now. When I walked in to the exhibit I noticed a very interesting portrait to begin with. It was five separate portraits of two women, one white, one black, both attempting to sit in the same chair. The title of the work was Plessy vs. Ferguson, in memory of the Supreme Court decision that made segregation legal. The separate part seemed to hold true but the equal part was far more than lacking. Most cases seemed to be that there wasn?t enough to separate hence the reason for the two women struggling over the same chair. This art took me awhile to understand because my brain had not been geared to what I was actually witnessing. It wasn?t until I sat down on a retro style couch resting on a beige shag carpet rug facing a silent movie projection. The obvious use of perspective in this art form helped me understand the side by side projection of two different family videos. One was footage from a Jewish family and the other was an African American family?s footage. Both of the videos depicted family gatherings for celebrations such as barbeques, birthday parties, trips to Disney World and religious holidays.

Society: Comparison to the Panopticon

According to Wikepedia, a panopticon is a type of prison where the observer is able to watch the prisoners without the prisoner knowing when they are being watched. The concept of the design is to allow an observer to observe (-opticon) all (pan-) prisoners thereby conveying what one architect has called the â€Å"sentiment of an invisible omnisciece. The panopticon was invented by English philosopher Jeremy Bentham in 1785. Bentham himself described the Panopticon as â€Å"a new mode of obtaining power of mind over mind, in a quantity hitherto without example. Michel Foucault, a French philosopher and historian of ideas uses this term in his book Discipline and Punish the Birth of the Prison as a metaphor to explain society. I will try to breakdown this metaphor to explain what Foucault means by this. Foucault explains we are living in a system where everything we do is survellience, thus we are living in a panopticon. We may feel that we have total privacy, but if we really sit back and observe we will come to an understanding that we are always being surveillance. Everything we do is recorded and monitored just like in the panopticon. We can not go to the store without cameras watching us or drive down the highway freely speeding without fear of getting caught by a police watching us. As similar to the panopticon we do not exactly know when we are being watched, but when we get the feeling we are being watched, we tend to try and behave perfectly. . â€Å"The Panopticon is a machine for dissociating the see/being seen dyad: in the peripheric ring, one is totally seen, without ever seeing; in the central tower, one sees everything without ever being seen. But he also proposes that not only prisons but most ordered structures like schools, factories, hospitals, workforces all resemble Benthams panopticon. The purpose of this panoptcicon is to tame ind ividuals in a way of functioning power and discipline in order to have a structured society. Foucault says, â€Å"The panoptic schema, without disappearing as such or losing any of its properties, was destined to spread throughout the social body, its vocation was to become a generalized function†. (Discipline 207) We are under a power because we are forced to behave in a way that is not our own to refrain from being disciplined. In our society we have places for people who refuse to follow the structure of our society they are places of restraints to tame the threats of society like hospitals, correctional facilities, and alternative schools that applies the panoptic schema. Panoptic living not only affects physically but also mentally. We know that we are being watch, because cameras are all around but the point is we do not know when we are being watched therefore we are forced to have good behavior at all times. The workforce can be a good example of this. Take into account a customer service representative in the call center must answer questions and assist with any concerns or complaints a customer may have. Even if a customer is rude, the representative is under a restraint because all calls are recorded at random and the representative is forced to be enthusiastic, kind and patient with the customer even if it results in verbal abuse by a customer. This creates a problem because the person is being forced to be perfect in an imperfect society. We are all under some form of power to conduct ourselves in a way that is acceptable to our society. Therefore we are constantly watching each others’ actions and if society disapproves then we are being disobedient to the power and therefore must suffer discipline. But because most of us fear punishment we continue to try to behave appropriately and then it becomes a norm we are use to doing. When we do something out of the norm, we are then frowned upon at as some type of threat to society. An example of this given is from the book Tess of the Durbyvilles, the character Tess is living in a panopticon because her society is based in a time where she is suppose to have a husband, but her society gossips about her because she has a baby out of wedlock. People looked at her as abnormal because she did not follow the moral structure they are used to. No one bothered to ask any questions they only assumed she was different which is something they did not like. This panopticon serves a good purpose even though it focuses soley on discipline and power. Although we are being watched everyday, if we did not have discipline then our society would not function well, and we would be among murders, thieves, and would fear for our lives. We are among criminals now but because we have institutions to tame them and force them to be a part of society or if they choose not to be then they are kept away from the perfect society we are constantly trying to form and improve. Although we are under power of the panopticon, we are given a sense of protection within our society and therefore we are willing to accept the control we are under.

Compare and Contrast Huckleberry Finn and to Kill a...

9/12/2012 American Studies II Comparing and Contrasting: To Kill a Mockingbird and Huckleberry Finn In the books, The Adventures Huckleberry Finn and To Kill a Mockingbird, the authors demonstrate several themes: the coexistence of good and evil, the importance of moral education, the existence of social inequality, racism and slavery, intellectual and moral education, and the hypocrisy of â€Å"civilized† society. The common themes throughout the two books depict; that although the settings are nearly a century apart, society has not changed as drastically as believed. Racism, a main theme throughout both books reveals itself in many ways. The Adventures†¦show more content†¦Despite the fact that she is a lot younger, she grasps the situation better than her older brother who seems to fall apart at the concept of human evil. The Mockingbird had become something symbolic in the story. The mockingbird represents innocence and portrays itself through several different characters in the story; such as Scout Finch or Boo Radley. Despite their innocence however, they can be injured with their contact with evil. In the story, it’s explained how Boo Radley’s innocence is tainted because of his abusive father. Thus the extended metaphor or symbolism would explain that killing a mockingbird is tainting innocence. When Scout inquires her, Miss Maudie explains, â€Å"Mockingbirds don’t do one thing but . . . sing their hearts out for us. That’s why it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird.† This also links the connection of Scout and Jem both having the last name finch, which is another name for a particularly small (and also harmless) bird. In Huckleberry Finn, Huck comes from the lower levels of white society, having a father who is a drunk who disappears constantly. Widow Douglas adopts him and attempts to reform him, although she has difficulties. Huck does not accept the ways of society, and often tells Widow that he would rather go live in hell for a change of scenery. The Widow tries to teach him how to read and tries to make him religious. Although the Widow’s efforts do finally teachShow MoreRelatedHow To Write Literary Analysis4174 Words   |  17 PagesGood Questions â€Å"Are Romeo and Juliet’s parents responsible for the deaths of their children?† â€Å"Why do pigs keep showing up in Lord of the Flies?† â€Å"Are Dr. Frankenstein and his monster alike? How?† Bad Questions â€Å"What happens to Scout in To Kill a Mockingbird?† â€Å"What do the other characters in Julius Caesar think about Caesar?† â€Å"How does Hester Prynne in The Scarlet Letter remind me of my sister?† Step 2. Collect Evidence Once you know what question you want to answer, it’s time to scour theRead MoreJasper Jones Study Guide6848 Words   |  28 Pages................................................................................... 10 Race and Ethnicity................................................................................................................................. 11 To Kill a Mockingbird (TKAM)................................................................................................................ 12 Australian Culture ...................................................................................................Read MoreEnglish All Semester 26504 Words   |  27 Pagestownspeople saw her boyfriend/husband? The last time the townspeople was Miss Emily’s boyfriend/husband was three days after the cousins left. 13. Why had the men sprinkled lime around her house in Part II? The men sprinkled lime around the house to kill the bad odor that was coming out of Miss Emily’s house. 14. There is a room upstairs no one has seen for over forty years. After Miss Emilys funeral, the door to this room is broken down. What do the townspeople find there? The townspeopleRead MoreEssay on Silent Spring - Rachel Carson30092 Words   |  121 PagesAnalysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.  ©1998-2002;  ©2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design ® and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under licenseRead MoreInterpretation of the Text13649 Words   |  55 Pagesdiffers from other kinds of writing - expressive, persuasive, and expository. Expressive writing aims to articulate the feelings of the writer; persuas ive writing seeks co influence the reader; expository writing tries to explain the outer world. By contrast, a work of literature creates a world of its own which makes no reference to the real world as we normally know it, thus it is not expository writing. Nor is it quite the same as persuasive writing - a work of fiction makes no direct appeal to us

The Role of Value Chain Model Essay - 1817 Words

2 From value chains to value networks and inter firm relationship 2.1 The evolution of the concepts of value chain Porter ´s value chain model shaped our way of understanding and analyzing industries for the past 30 years. It explores the links between the activities to be undertaken in order to commercialize a product in the market and how these activities add value to the final delivery (Peppard and Rylander, 2006). It focus on the value creation processes within the firms, not on the inter firms links in the value chain (Kothandaraman and Wilson, 2001) and how the different links influence the competitiveness of the industries (Peppard and Rylander, 2006). Therefore, this model assumes that the value is created within one single main†¦show more content†¦Therefore, the suppliers in this type of value chain can be replaced at any time, as they do not have strong bonds with the buying firm and provided that another company could perform the same task for a lower price. In this scenario, competition is examined between firms and their outcomes of the productive process and enhance competitiveness has to do with finding the flaws in the value chain in comparison to the competitor and try to fix them, also by changing suppliers. As Peppard and Rylander (2006) state: Strategy becomes primarily from the art of positioning the firm in the right place in the value chain. What matters in this model is the role of each firm individually and the relation between firms is not meant to be long lasting nor considered to be a source of competitive advantage. This relationships are meant to last only until the point where they are beneficial to the main firm, financially wise. With the increasing complexity of markets and products the model developed by Porter is not enough to address the adequate questions and provide tools for facing the challenges of the insertion of firms and value adding process in a growing competition. 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Simply, it includes a series of value-adding activities connecting a company s supply side (raw materialsRead MoreThe Role of the Engineer in the Value Chain1356 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment 1: Report The role of the Engineer in the Value Chain Introduction In recent years, the requirements of commercial and industrial operations in the production of services and goods have been subject to vast changes. In the present era of globalization and increasing international competition, a trend away from vertically integrated organizations has become more and more evident. In fact, most companies nowadays tend to solely concentrate on their own core competencies, outsourcingRead MoreThe Biofuel And Biomass Industry1540 Words   |  7 Pagesfossil fuels. As the non-renewable energy is being replaced by the renewable energy, new initiatives are proposed for the continuous development of supply chain network for biofuel energy. 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Research has shown that the perception of impact of supply chains on the results of businesses will grow in the future, taking a more prominent role in company structures over time. According to research conducted by Monczk (2010), there is a strong indication that top level managers will be included in the supply chain much more in the future, mainly in the form of adding value through supply than in cost reductions. Top companies areRead MoreValue Chain Essay752 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Value Chain Analysis-Costco Corporation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brief on the Organization Costco is among the leading global retailers which provide customers a wide range of merchandise, ranging from small to well-known brands. The company began operations in 1983. Over the years, Costco has been a retailer in low cost membership-only leader, in warehouse club of merchandise. 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Starbucks is unique in that its new product development pipeline is perpetual; it continues between northern and southern hemispheres continually, fuelling new drinks and food products (Starbucks Investor Relations, 2012). Globalization continues to be both a strong catalyst of continued process- and product-based innovation across each area of their supply chain and into their retail stores.

Evaluation Of A Good Practice Guide - 2400 Words

Section 1: Overview This Good Practice Guide is here to advise and help those in the homecare industry, specifically those who are looking after the elderly and have a disability also end of life care. Looking at barriers to then the perceptions of those elderly people who have disabilities. Whether that disability may be physical or mental such like dementia, stroke victims, or age related issues like walking. It will also relate to those working in end of life care, advising how to improve their service delivery. The main purpose of this good practice guide is to be an aid to those in this industry, enabling the user of this guide to have an understanding of those who they are caring for. It will be discussing how society and other differing factors can influence the life of an elderly disabled person also the availability of the different services that can be accessed in order to create a good quality of life for this service user. From this going on to exploring the barriers that may come between the user and these services, and how they can be overcome and showing more inclusive features. Finally this guide will explore the different perceptions and the infantilisation of disability, including exploring oppression and discrimination. Then going on to give an idea of different things that you can do to give the service user a better quality of life. As people are living longer, the service which provides care has become vital. In relation to end of life care it’sShow MoreRelatedEvaluating Football Players1572 Words   |  7 PagesCummings It may seem overly simplified and obvious to state that player evaluation is critical in generating success and wins on the football field. A coach may have the greatest â€Å"system† and an amazing game plan laid out but, without the right players in the right positions the only thing a coach will collect are losses. 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The capabilities of the employees in restaurant much more give importance. By a formal procedure used in the evaluation of work skills performance, it really develops their skills. The basic human tendency to make judgments about those one is working with, as well as about oneself. The quality service does not just happen by chance. It is not the result of an extraordinaryRead MoreBased On The Aggregate Results The Percentage Of Each Level Of Implementation For Each Guide1348 Words   |  6 Pageslevel of implementation for each guide is presented in table 5: On average, the guides took 27 minutes to complete. As results indicate, Hospital A has not implemented some of the recommended practices in the following guides: Computerized Provider Order Entry with Decision Support, Patient Identification, and Test Result Reporting. The total number of these practices is 16 which accounts for 10% of the total recommended practices. 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Jacksonian Democracy was or was not justified free essay sample

Jackson Democracy marked the age of the common man and the era for an improvement on government and society. When Andrew Jackson was president, he led the nation of the United States into dramatic changes both socially and politically which affected the government system and the lives of the American people positively. He fascinated the American people greatly because he stood for values they stood for such as a better government system.Because of his background as an average and ideal American and as he war hero of the Battle of New Orleans in 1815, he was able to draw support from almost every section Of the U. S. And social class. Despite how democratic Jackson may seem, he appeared more tyrant-like than any of his forerunners. His major offerings to the nation included expansion of land (like Florida) and a government system that granted the common people the opportunity to work in the presidency (the spoils system). We will write a custom essay sample on Jacksonian Democracy was or was not justified? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, Jackson Democracy was in no way democratic because it treated the Native Americans with immense cruelty, it benefited only white males, and it toothed and fought relentlessly to abolish the Bank of the United States. The total inhumane and despicable treatment of the Native Americans proved how non-democratic Jackson Democracy was. An example of this was when Andrew Jackson boldly enforced the Indian Removal Act in 1 830, requiring all Indian tribes including the Cherokees to move to reservations west of the Mississippi River. This act, without any doubt, was the most horrific Jackson has ever carried out.According to Chapter 13 of The American Pageant, in 1828 the Georgia legislature declared the Cherokee ribald council illegal and asserted its own jurisdiction over Indian affairs and Indian lands. The Cherokees retaliated to this by appealing this move to the Supreme Court, which thrice endorsed the rights of the Indians. But President Jackson, who evidently desired to release Indian lands to white settlement, rejected the Courts decisions. As a heartless attempt to taunt at the Indians defender, Jackson supposedly retorted, John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it. Although the case of U. S. Supreme Court and the Worcester v. Georgia trial had established the Cherokee Tribal Council as an independent nation within Georgia, Jackson still supported Georgia and defied the Court. When the Cherokees resisted the governments generous offer of lands farther west, Jackson decided to send in the army. In the autumn and winter of 1838 to 1839, The U. S. Army swooped in the Cherokee region and compulsorily removed nearly 15,000 Cherokees from their ancestral native soils in the southeastern united States and marched them to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma).As a result of inadequate food supplies, and harsh icy weather, some 4000 Cherokees perished of starvation, sissies, and continual exposure to cold on this march that was called The Trail of Tears. This seems incredibly similar to absolutism and is in no way democratic because it exceedingly violated the Native Americans rights. Another reason why Jackson Democracy was far from democratic was that it only profited white males and it was extremely prejudice. The democracy did not protect the individual liberty of non-white males and women. It had nothing to offer to minorities.Black men and women were excluded from most if not all of the individual freedoms and liberties held by white land- winning males. Jackson Democracy also discriminated and repressed against white women. On the Womens Rights issue, Jackson Democracy did nothing to further the female cause. Only in sparse states were women allowed to control property, and nowhere were they permitted to vote. There were few schools for women and they were assumed subordinate to men. Because of this, women were limited tremendously and there were scarce opportunity for their augmentation in social status.Even though households were almost completely run by women they failed to gain even the basic sights that every male had. This allowed for the Jacksons to overlook them when guarding the individual liberties of white males. The democracy provided to be guardians of political democracy when dealing with both the poor and the wealthy white men. Jackson promised to defend the farmers, mechanics, and laborers against the politically powerful, who had access to government and wanted special undemocratic advantages from it. This proves that Jackson shielded political democracy for only the common white man.Daniel Webster agrees with this view, by defending the poor, by lamming, Jackson was about to create a class war and rile up the poor against the rich. This act Of authoritarianism against the minorities violated their liberties and freedom and proved that Jackson Democracy was in no way close to being democratic. Jackson Democracys inexorable determination to destroy the U. S. Bank was in no way constitutional or democratic. Kinder the leadership of Nicholas Fiddle, the bank served only to collect banks notes from state banks and to loan money at interest.Because of Jacksons haunting personal financial history, he regarded banks as unconstitutional. Jackson apparently had a major problem on this issue. He says, It is to be regretted that the rich and powerful too often bend the acts of government to their selfish purposes. Banks made him nervous because it concentrated much power in few hands, some of those were foreign nationals, and because it was created via a broad interpretation instead Of a strict one Of the Constitution. He also believed that the U. S. Bank placed too much control into the hands of a wealthy few. Due to this fact, Jackson vetoed the banks researcher in 1832.In an attempt to benefit he lower working classes, he placed the federal money in pet state banks. Judge Tanya, who was a supporter and a person who offered advice to Jackson and the Jacksons, facilitated equal opportunity by annihilating the monopoly of the Charles River Bridge Corporation. Jacksons veto of the researcher of the bank of the United States was only denying the people of an efficient way to fund their living government and to keep their delegates incomes on record. It is suggested that from this act, that he undermined the people and the nation to further his own selfish privileges.